songofsongs

I remember first reading Song of Songs years ago as I was wanting to know more about intimacy with God, and I'd heard something that that was what this book was about. But I was left baffled by all the imagery and symbolism, and it just confirmed what I already thought, that God was hard to understand, and intimacy with him was hard to get. So I was relieved when I came across Mike Bickle's teaching on the books, as he gave some meaning to the poetry and got me excited about getting intimate with Jesus.

I've been studying this book for a few years now and thought it might be a good idea to write a brief introduction to some of the symbolism and themes going on in the book, to hopefully help others in their relationship with God. There are a few different ways of interpreting the book, like it being about God's relationship with the church or just simply a love story. I'll be looking at the book from the point of view of it being an allegory of Jesus relationship with the individual believer as bride and bridegroom. I'm not saying this is the only correct interpretation, nor even the best. But there are enough other references in the bible on this theme that it certainly can't be wrong (try John 3v29, Is 62v5, Rev 19v7).

Basically, in this guide I'll go through pretty much every verse and give a quick starter into what it means, to use as a bit of a springboard for your own meditation/study/prayer etc with God. Most of what I'll write has been nicked from Mike Bickle's work, with the odd insight of my own.

Just click on the links on the right to skip to whichever bit you want.

Posted by dan at 11:06 am | Permalink | Comments

First off, a quick bit to give you some tips on how best to read the book and study it for yourself. Mike Bickle talks about ‘pray-reading’ the book, where you turn what you read into prayer back to God, thanking him for what it says and praying for more revelation, understanding and experience of what it means, and hopefully turning the book into genuine loving conversation with him, rather than it just a cerebral exercise. This is the most important thing to do. Learning what the symbolism means is all good and well, but if that's all you do, it'll be a bit like reading and understanding the menu at a french restaurant without actually eating anything on it. It's in the eating that it makes sense, not just understanding what goes into each dish.

So when you get a verse that tells you a truth, either about you or God, start by thanking God for that truth, and then pray for greater revelation and experience of it. For example, where Jesus says our eyes are like doves (ch1v15), thank God that you have doves eyes (not literally of course, unless you’re some weird mutant freak) and that he sees this about you, and ask for greater understanding of what it means to have doves eyes. Or where the beloved says to him that his love is better than wine (ch1v2), thank him that this is true and pray that you would experience for yourself that his love really is better than wine.

Then when you get doing verses, if it’s us that’s doing the doing, commit yourself to doing it (assuming it’s something you actually want to do), and ask God for the strength and ability etc to do it. If it’s God that’s doing something, pray that he’d do it.
For example, in chapter 3 verse 2 she says ‘I will search for the one my heart loves.’ If you reckon that’d be a good thing to do, then commit yourself to searching and ask God to help you do it. And in chapter 2 verse 8, we see Jesus leaping over mountains, so thank God that he can effortlessly overcome mountain-sized problems, and pray that you’d experience him doing that in your life.

The other main tip is to help find out what's meant by all those seemingly odd metaphors. I don't think the symbolism is arbitrary, but rather it all has meaning. So when Jesus says your waist is like a mound of wheat, he's not just attempting to be romantic (which, if he was, is a pretty lame attempt), but our waist represents something, and there's a reason why it's like wheat, and a mound of wheat at that.

There's two main ways of doing this. The first is get a good concordance and look up where else a word appears in the bible to see if there's a common context it turns up in. Eyes, for example, are always compared to doves, and a quick look at other dove references shows things like the Holy Spirit being like a dove, so there's probably going to be some link between eyes and the Spirit.

The other way is to simply look at the characteristics of the nouns and adjectives. You can either draw on your own extensive knowledge of Middle Eastern flora and fauna, or use things like the internet, where sites like googlism or wikipedia offer up a veritable wealth of information. So, using the doves example again, you can quickly find out things like they only have one mate for their entire lives, so there'll be something about us being devoted, only having eyes for Jesus, that sort of thing.

The thing to remember with this is that it isn't a precise science – it's not about finding exact, complete meanings. Jesus himself couldn't exactly define the Kingdom of God, he could only say it's a bit like this or a bit like that, so I don't see why we think we should be able to give the full meaning for a verse. That's the beauty of parables – on the one hand, they make things easy to understand, but then they also make it hard, and you have to think about what it means, actually chew it. When Jesus said to consider the birds of the field, he actually meant to consider them. What is it about yeast being worked through some flour by a woman that tells us about the Kingdom of God? Keep asking questions, seek the kingdom. One of the things i love about the bible is its infiniteness. It's like those computer generated fractal pictures you get, where there'll be a spiral with an identical but smaller spiral branching off it, and another off that, and another off that, and you can keep going further in infinitely, but it's still the same original shape.

One interesting note of caution about this,though, which Mike Bickle makes, and which I'll go with on the grounds that he's a very wise, anointed teacher, is that any principle you get in your studying/meditating should be backed up in the New Testament. If you can't find something similar there, you're probably barking up the wrong tree.

One other great tip for reading the book is to get a Hebrew lexicon. I use Zondervans Exhaustive NIV Concordance which, as well as telling you every time a word turns up in the NIV, gives you a little reference so you can look up what the original Hebrew (or Greek) means, and also tells you the other ways the Hebrew (or Greek) has been translated. Admittedly this isn't going to be everyones cup of tea, but it appeals to the scholarly side of me and throws up some fascinating stuff. For example, chapter 1 verse 11 God talks about making us earrings, meaning he'll work to make us beautiful. But one meaning in the original Hebrew is, oddly, 'turnings' and is translated as 'turn' in Esther 2v15: 'When the turn came for Esther to go to the king...'. So this gives the added meaning that God will work to make us ready for our 'turn', be that our ministry/calling or even a specific event, as happened with Esther. The book is fairly pricey, about £30 when i bought it. But then most of us would probably pay that for pair of shoes that may only last a year or two, while this book should last you a lifetime. Say it lasts you 30 years, that's just £1 a year, which is a bargain in anyone's book, especially when you consider the hours of fun and joy it could give you.

Hopefully that's given you some helpful tips (apologies if it hasn't, or if I've said something deeply heretical, or I've simply bored you).

Posted by dan at 11:04 am | Permalink | Comments

Next up, a very brief outline of the book. Basically, we have the story of a woman who moves from self-focused immaturity to God-focused maturity as she receives new revelations about who God is and how he sees her, experiences a few crises along the way, sees her own weakness, rejects God, gets loved up by God, helps others, gets rejected by others, gets loved up by God again, things most of us can relate to at some point in our lives. Interestingly, Mike Bickle reckons at any point of our lives as christians, we can place ourselves somewhere in the book.

Her growth in maturity is marked by four key verses:

“My lover is to me...” (ch1:13,14) – here she's only interested in her own spiritual pleasure
“My beloved is mine and I am his” (ch2:16) – she starts to see that she belongs to him, though she's still primarily focused on what she gets from him
“I am my lover's and he is mine” (ch6:3) – she says the same thing as in ch2:16, but now the order has changed. What she gets from him is still important, but is now secondary to his inheritance in her.
“I belong to my lover and his desire is for me” (ch7:10) – what he wants is all she cares about; she knows she belongs to him entirely.

Posted by dan at 11:03 am | Permalink | Comments

Posted by dan at 11:02 am | Permalink | Comments

ch1v2 'let him kiss me' – she starts by asking the Father for the kisses of the son
'with the kisses of his mouth' – these aren't literal kisses, which might be a bit weird depending on your view of kissing men with beards, but refer to the experience of his love and affection towards us and revelation of his beauty. these are the kisses of his word - his word always provides the boundary lines. 'mouth' throughout the book refers to intimacy. I found this interesting quote by a fella called Jay Treat: “the inseparable love of spirit for spirit can be [expressed] only by a kiss, and a kiss is with the mouth, for that is the source and outlet of the spirit. And when they kiss one another, the spirits cling to each other, and they are one, and then love is one”.
'for your love' – she now addresses Jesus directly
'is better than wine' – this sums up her theology. 'wine' exhilarates and intoxicates the heart, it stood for the best the world had to offer, be it physically, emotionally or spiritually. The affection of God is better than all these things.

v3 'the fragrance of your perfumes' – perfume can't be seen or touched but its presence can be felt. It's symbolic of his internal beauty, his emotional makeup (as opposed to his actions), including his passion for us, and of knowledge of him (2 Cor 2:14). Perfume arouses desire and awakens the heart. Sometimes when I smell a certain perfume it reminds me of someone, or you know when someone's near when you can smell their perfume.
'your name is like perfume poured out' – his name, his attributes being exalted & revealed through his actions is like smelling perfume.
'no wonder the maidens love you' – it's this revelation of his beauty and love for us that causes people to love him back. The maidens and Daughters of Jerusalem that turn up later in the book are genuine but less mature believers.

v4 'take me away with you' – the Hebrew for 'take away' is the same word translated as 'drawn' in Jer 31v3: 'I have drawn you with loving-kindness'. She longs to be drawn after him in greater intimacy.
'let us hurry' – the Hebrew verb here means to run, be a messenger or to bring quickly. This is to do with running in ministry, serving others & obeying God. The two main desires of her life are to be drawn to Jesus in intimacy, and to run with him in ministry as partners..
'bring me into his chambers' – chambers are a place of intimacy. God brings us into in one-off experiences, eg personal revelations, amazing encounters with him etc. She can't get there herself, she has to be brought there by him.
'we will praise your love' – better translated as 'remember your love'. Remembering God's love to us in the past helps us keep going when times are hard.

v5 'dark am I, yet lovely' – she recognises that even though there's sin in her life (dark), she's still beautiful to God. - she has weak flesh but a willing spirit.
'tents of Kedar' – these were made of dark goats hair. The people who lived there were ungodly (see Ps 120v5)
'tent curtains of Solomon' – these, in contrast, were white curtains in the holy place in the temple. This illustrates her weak flesh/willing heart.

v6 'do not stare at me' – she feels shame at her sinfulness.
'darkened by the sun' – she is sinful through life in the natural world.
'my mother's sons were angry' – 'mother' is symbolic of the church, as God uses the church to give birth to us spiritually. The sons are other members of the body of Christ. They were angry with her immature enthusiasm and pride.
'vineyards' – she gets overworked and burns out by having too many responsibilities. Her main responsibility is her own heart ('my own vineyard') and obedient walk before God, but this ends up getting neglected.

v7 'tell me, you whom I love' – even though she's neglected her own vineyard, she still knows she loves him.
'where you graze your flock' – she lost focus of God after her prayer of verses 2-4, but now she wants to be fed by him again.
'where you rest your sheep at midday' – she's tired from working under the heat of the noon sun, and wants his rest (Ps 23v2).
'veiled woman' – she feels ashamed that she's neglected her vineyard, so feels like she needs to cover her face.
'beside the flocks of your friends' – she feels like she's serving God from a distance; she doesn't feel close to him.

v8 'most beautiful of woman' – she feels ashamed, but God affirms her by saying she's beautiful, even in her failure. He then gives three practical bits of advice in response to her wanting to find him and be fed by him
'follow the tracks of the sheep and graze your young goats by the tents of the shepherd' – first he tells her to get into community with other believers who are walking after God (tracks of the sheep), then he says to feed and take care of the flock that he gives her (your young goats, not all the young goats), and finally he says to get under spiritual authority – to serve by the tents of the shepherds (leaders).

v9 'my darling' – Jesus again affirms his affection for her. Whenever he speaks to her in the song, he calls her darling or beautiful or bride. This always sets the tone for the way he relates to us.
'a mare harnessed to one of the chariots of Pharaoh' – she was feeling weak, but he says she's like the strongest, best trained, most disciplined war horses in the world. These were trained to carry the king.

v10 'cheeks' – our cheeks symbolise our emotions.
'beautiful with earrings' – earrings enhance beauty. God sees past our anger and lust and enhances our passion for him.
'neck' – the neck is symbolic of the will and submission. It's the neck that turns the head when choosing which way to go.
'strings of jewels' – our choosing to submit to God's will is as beautiful to him as jewelry.

v11 'we will make' – the Father, Son and Holy Spirit promise to work together with her to finish what they started in her.
'earrings of gold studded with silver' – gold is to do with divine character, while silver is about redemption. God will work in her to give her a divine character & make her someone who brings redemption to others.

v12 'his table' – his table is where we sit and rest with & where he feeds us (Ps 23v5) on the finished work of the cross.
'perfume' – the perfume here is nard, which Mary used to anoint Jesus feet (Jn 12v3), and represents spontaneous worship as we sit with him and feed on his truth (2Cor 2v15).
'my lover is to me' – she's focused on herself, on what she gets from God.
'sachet of myrrh' – myrrh symbolises death & sacrifice. 'sachet' can also be translated as 'bundle' or 'bag', in other words a large amount. She recognises the massive sacrifice he made for her.
'resting' – Zondervans gives the meaning here as 'to spend the night; by extension, to dwell an indeterminate amount of time'.
'between my breasts' – the cross is central to who she is, and sustains her through the night (ie the tough times) and through her whole life.
'cluster of henna blossoms' – henna is a fragrant flower. Jesus is like sweet smelling flowers to her. She doesn't see him as being angry or heavy.
'en gedi' – this was a very fertile oasis, and it's thought perfume was made there.

v15 'how beautiful...oh how beautiful' – we often hide from God from feeling ashamed, but he emphasises how beautiful we are to him. This changes how we see others as, the more we see how God feels about us, the easier it is to see how he feels about others.
'eyes' – her ability to see truth, eyes of faith & vision.
'doves' – doves are symbolic of the Holy Spirit and purity. They have no peripheral vision so can only focus on what's in front of it, and will only ever have one mate so are totally faithful.

v16 'how handsome you are' – she begins to be fascinated with his beauty. When we begin to see how much God enjoys us, we can begin to enjoy him more.
ch1v2 'let him kiss me' – she starts by asking the Father for the kisses of the son
'with the kisses of his mouth' – these aren't literal kisses, which might be a bit weird depending on your view of kissing men with beards, but refer to the experience of his love and affection towards us and revelation of his beauty. 'mouth' throughout the book refers to intimacy. I found this interesting quote by a fella called Jay Treat: “the inseparable love of spirit for spirit can be [expressed] only by a kiss, and a kiss is with the mouth, for that is the source and outlet of the spirit. And when they kiss one another, the spirits cling to each other, and they are one, and then love is one”
'for your love' – she now addresses Jesus directly
'is better than wine' – this sums up her theology. 'wine' exhilarates and intoxicates the heart, it stood for the best the world had to offer, be it physically, emotionally or spiritually. The affection of God is better than all these things.

v3 'the fragrance of your perfumes' – perfume can't be seen or touched but its presence can be felt. It's symbolic of his internal beauty, his emotional makeup (as opposed to his actions), including his passion for us, and of knowledge of him (2 Cor 2:14). Perfume arouses desire and awakens the heart. Sometimes when I smell a certain perfume it reminds me of someone, or you know when someone's near when you can smell their perfume.
'your name is like perfume poured out' – his name, his attributes being exalted & revealed through his actions is like smelling perfume.
'no wonder the maidens love you' – it's this revelation of his beauty and love for us that causes people to love him back. The maidens and Daughters of Jerusalem that turn up later in the book are genuine but less mature believers.

v4 'take me away with you' – the Hebrew for 'take away' is the same word translated as 'drawn' in Jer 31v3: 'I have drawn you with loving-kindness'. She longs to be drawn after him in greater intimacy.
'let us hurry' – the Hebrew verb here means to run, be a messenger or to bring quickly. This is to do with running in ministry, serving others & obeying God. The two main desires of her life are to be drawn to Jesus in intimacy, and to run with him in ministry as partners..
'bring me into his chambers' – chambers are a place of intimacy. God brings us into in one-off experiences, eg personal revelations, amazing encounters with him etc. She can't get there herself, she has to be brought there by him.
'we will praise your love' – better translated as 'remember your love'. Remembering God's love to us in the past helps us keep going when times are hard.

v5 'dark am I, yet lovely' – she recognises that even though there's sin in her life (dark), she's still beautiful to God. - she has weak flesh but a willing spirit.
'tents of Kedar' – these were made of dark goats hair. The people who lived there were ungodly (see Ps 120v5)
'tent curtains of Solomon' – these, in contrast, were white curtains in the holy place in the temple. This illustrates her weak flesh/willing heart.

v6 'do not stare at me' – she feels shame at her sinfulness.
'darkened by the sun' – she is sinful through life in the natural world.
'my mother's sons were angry' – 'mother' is symbolic of the church, as God uses the church to give birth to us spiritually. The sons are other members of the body of Christ. They were angry with her immature enthusiasm and pride.
'vineyards' – she gets overworked and burns out by having too many responsibilities. Her main responsibility is her own heart ('my own vineyard') and obedient walk before God, but this ends up getting neglected.

v7 'tell me, you whom I love' – even though she's neglected her own vineyard, she still knows she loves him.
'where you graze your flock' – she lost focus of God after her prayer of verses 2-4, but now she wants to be fed by him again.
'where you rest your sheep at midday' – she's tired from working under the heat of the noon sun, and wants his rest (Ps 23v2).
'veiled woman' – she feels ashamed that she's neglected her vineyard, so feels like she needs to cover her face.
'beside the flocks of your friends' – she feels like she's serving God from a distance; she doesn't feel close to him.

v8 'most beautiful of woman' – she feels ashamed, but God affirms her by saying she's beautiful, even in her failure. He then gives three practical bits of advice in response to her wanting to find him and be fed by him
'follow the tracks of the sheep and graze your young goats by the tents of the shepherd' – first he tells her to get into community with other believers who are walking after God (tracks of the sheep), then he says to feed and take care of the flock that he gives her (your young goats, not all the young goats), and finally he says to get under spiritual authority – to serve by the tents of the shepherds (leaders).

v9 'my darling' – Jesus again affirms his affection for her. Whenever he speaks to her in the song, he calls her darling or beautiful or bride. This always sets the tone for the way he relates to us.
'a mare harnessed to one of the chariots of Pharaoh' – she was feeling weak, but he says she's like the strongest, best trained, most disciplined war horses in the world. These were trained to carry the king.

v10 'cheeks' – our cheeks symbolise our emotions.
'beautiful with earrings' – earrings enhance beauty. God sees past our anger and lust and enhances our passion for him.
'neck' – the neck is symbolic of the will and submission. It's the neck that turns the head when choosing which way to go.
'strings of jewels' – our choosing to submit to God's will is as beautiful to him as jewelry.

v11 'we will make' – the Father, Son and Holy Spirit promise to work together with her to finish what they started in her.
'earrings of gold studded with silver' – gold is to do with divine character, while silver is about redemption. God will work in her to give her a divine character & make her someone who brings redemption to others.

v12 'his table' – his table is where we sit and rest with & where he feeds us (Ps 23v5) on the finished work of the cross.
'perfume' – the perfume here is nard, which Mary used to anoint Jesus feet (Jn 12v3), and represents spontaneous worship as we sit with him and feed on his truth (2Cor 2v15).
'my lover is to me' – she's focused on herself, on what she gets from God.
'sachet of myrrh' – myrrh symbolises death & sacrifice. 'sachet' can also be translated as 'bundle' or 'bag', in other words a large amount. She recognises the massive sacrifice he made for her.
'resting' – Zondervans gives the meaning here as 'to spend the night; by extension, to dwell an indeterminate amount of time'.
'between my breasts' – the cross is central to who she is, and sustains her through the night (ie the tough times) and through her whole life.
'cluster of henna blossoms' – henna is a fragrant flower. Jesus is like sweet smelling flowers to her. She doesn't see him as being angry or heavy.
'en gedi' – this was a very fertile oasis, and it's thought perfume was made there.

v15 'how beautiful...oh how beautiful' – we often hide from God from feeling ashamed, but he emphasises how beautiful we are to him. This changes how we see others as, the more we see how God feels about us, the easier it is to see how he feels about others.
'eyes' – her ability to see truth, eyes of faith & vision.
'doves' – doves are symbolic of the Holy Spirit and purity. They have no peripheral vision so can only focus on what's in front of it, and will only ever have one mate so are totally faithful.

v16 'how handsome you are' – she begins to be fascinated with his beauty. When we begin to see how much God enjoys us, we can begin to enjoy him more.
'our bed' – the bed is a place of rest, security & intimacy. It is 'our' bed – they are co-heirs.
'verdant' – it is flourishing, life-filled.

v17 – 'our house' is about their intimate living together. The beams and rafters provide the structure. Cedars and firs were strong wood – God has built a strong, lasting house for us.

Posted by dan at 11:01 am | Permalink | Comments

ch2v1 'a rose of sharon' – there's no general consensus on what flower is meant here; whatever it is, God has cultivated us for his son to be his inheritance.
'a lily of the valleys' – lilies symbolise purity, while valleys are symbolic of the dark, fallen places of the world (as opposed to mountain tops, see Ps 23). She's pure even though she's going through the valley.

v2 'a lily among thorns' – thorns represent sin & temptation (see Gen 3v18, Heb 6v8). She's pure in a world of sin.

v3 'apple tree' – trees often symbolise humanity, and apples are refreshing – Jesus is the most refreshing person in the world.
'I delight to sit in his shade' – she's not striving, but sitting in the finished work of the cross & the rest that he gives her (Heb 4v9,10). She loves the fact that he enjoys her without her having to do anything to earn it. One time I was sat under an apple tree in my parents garden, wondering what it could tell me about God, and I noticed there was fruit in easy reach, and that it felt intimate and safe sitting there as the branches were low down.
'his fruit is sweet' – in ch1v7 she asked him where he fed his flock; she's now starting to feed on him. His freely given fruit tastes sweet, not bitter like religious legalism.

v4 'he has taken me to the banquet hall' – the revelation of his love for her and what he's done for her is like a massive feast, a place of celebration. It's his job to bring her there (Luke 15v5), he's provided everything (Ps23v5).
'his banner over me is love' – armies would march under banners that defined who they were and who they belonged to; she isn't defined by failure, rejection or sin, but love.

v5 'sustain me with raisins, refresh me with apples' – she's wanting more of God, to be dependant on him. Raisins are a form of grapes, which are used to make wine, which is symbolic of the Holy Spirit.
'faint with love' – The Hebrew for 'faint' implies being weak, wounded or made sick. She's so desperate for God it hurts, like when there's something you really want but can't have it yet.

v6 'his left arm is under my head' – arms/hands are to do with actions. This arm is under her head so is out of sight, so is about the things that God does in her life that she can't see.
'his right arm embraces me' – this is the things he does that can be seen and felt, and make her feel loved and protected.

v7 God's got her in an important season of being strengthened` and healed of her bad experiences in ch1v6, and he charges other people not to disturb her by getting her to do loads of work. Gazelles and does can be easily scared off. She needs to be treated with sensitivity as she's still too immature and would get distracted/burdened easily, and miss out on some of the feeding/strengthening that God wants to do in this season.

v8 'Listen! My lover!' - after charging others not to awaken her in verse 7, he now starts to by calling her.
'leaping over mountains, bounding over hills' – mountains and hills are natural or demonic obstacles and difficulties that may vary in size but are still seemingly immovable (Mark 11v43), but he easily overcomes them and they don't slow him down.

v9 'a gazelle or a young stag' – these animals were quick and agile, and are easily able to run up mountains.
'he stands' – usually in the bible, God is depicted as sitting in a place of rest. Him standing means he's ready for action.
'behind our wall' – together they built a wall of safety and protection. She's only ever known him on the inside with her, so thinks he's on the wrong side of it, but actually it's her that's behind the wall, as it's now stopping her from stepping out in faith.
'gazing though the windows' – he built windows into the wall so she could see out to the world, to stop her getting too self focused. He gazes at her with love in order to encourage her to come out.

v10 'Arise, my darling, my beautiful one, and come with me' – he calls her out of the comfort zone to work with him and run in ministry (ch1v4). He calls her with words of love – he doesn't say 'you're a crap sinner, now obey me or you'll be punished', but instead calls her beautiful. He loves us as we mature, not just when we mature.

v11 'winter is past' – he encourages her by reminding her of his faithfulness in getting her through the trials of winter together. Remembering how he was faithful in the past helps us to trust that he'll be faithful in the future.

v12,13 – God speaks prophetically about the coming harvest, and encourages her to not waste any time and to start following him now (John 4v35). Flowers appear on the vine just before the fruit comes; there is singing to celebrate the end of winter and the coming fruit; when turtledoves sang in Israel, it meant it was nearly harvest time. (in Israel, the harvests would begin in February/March, not the Autumn like in England); figs produce two crops, the first of which appears in the spring and has grown over the winter season.

'Arise, come, my darling' – Jesus doesn't want her sitting around thinking maybe she'll get up tomorrow, he wants her to act now. He repeats how he feels about her – he sees her as beautiful, he's passionate about her, even though she hasn't even started following him yet.

v14 'My dove' – he affirms again her purity and loyalty (see note on ch1v15).
'the cleft of the rock' – The wounds of Jesus (the rock -1Cor 10v4). Moses was hidden in a cleft in a rock when God's glory passed him by (Ex 33v22). She's hidden in Christ, and protected by his death.

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